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ARMED FORCES SPECIAL POWERS ACT (AFSPA)
Background
Armed Forces are deployed in counter-insurgency / terrorist operations when all other forces available to the State have failed to bring the situation under control. Armed forces operating in such an environment require certain special powers and protection in the form of an enabling law.
Legal Aspects
The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) was enacted by the Parliament and confers certain special powers on members of the Armed Forces (military forces, air forces operating on the ground as land forces and any other armed forces of the Union (CRPF, BSF, ITBP, etc)for carrying out proactive operations against the insurgents in a highly hostile environment. AFSPA comes into effect only in Disturbed Areas. Power to declare an area as Disturbed Area is vested with the Central and the State Governments. Top NDA Coaching in India
The essence of the important sections of AFSPA is as under:-
(a) Section 3. It lays down the authority which has the power to declare areas to be disturbed. These authorities are the Central and the State Governments.
(b) Section 4. It gives the Army powers to search premises and make arrests without warrants, to use force even to the extent of causing death, destroy arms/ammunition dumps, fortifications/shelters/hideouts and to stop, search and seize any vehicle.
(c) Section 6. It stipulates that arrested persons and seized property is to be made over to the police with the least possible delay.
(d) Section 7. It offers protection of persons acting in good faith in their official capacity. The prosecution is permitted only after sanction of the Central Government.
An examination of the various powers available to the Police Authorities under the provisions of the CrPC vis-a-vis those available to Armed Forces under AFSPA would reveal that the Police Authorities still enjoy more comprehensive and wider powers relating to arrest, search, seizure, summoning of witnesses, preventive detention, etc than the powers enjoyed by the Armed Forces. Top NDA Coaching in India
AFSPA vs CrPC. Section 45 of the CrPC disallows the arrest of public servants however Section 45 of the CrPC is not applicable in the State of J&K where the Ranbir Penal Code is applicable and ipso facto the persons of Armed Forces can be arrested for any perceived excesses if AFSPA is not in vogue.
The Act in general and Sections 3, 4 & 6 thereof in particular, came up for scrutiny before a Constitution Bench of the Apex Court in a case titled ‘Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights Vs UOI’. The five-judge Constitution Bench dealt with the challenge to the legality of the deployment of the Armed Forces in aid to civil power. The Court unambiguously ruled that AFSPA cannot be regarded as colorable legislation or a fraud on the Constitution. The Apex Court considered and opined that the conferring of powers vides Section 4 of AFSPA could not be held arbitrary or violative of Articles 14, 19, or 21 of the Constitution. Top NDA Coaching in India
Safe Guards
Adequate checks and safeguards are built into the AFSPA to prevent its misuse. The dos and don’ts issued to the units, having found approval of Apex Court, have acquired legal status and are binding on the troops.
HR Record of the Indian Army. The provisions of AFSPA have NOT been misused and are evident from the HR Record of the Indian Army during the last two decades. Details of allegations of HR violations of the Indian Army are as under:-
- HR Cases/complaints received – 1618
- (b) Cases Investigated – 1533
(c) No of allegations under investigation – 85
(d) Cases found true – 55 (3.6%)
(e) Cases found false – 1478 (96.4%)
(f) No of persons punished – 129
(g) No of cases awarded compensation – 35
The above punishments were awarded by the Army without any prosecution sanction from the MoD. Thus AFSPA is NOT a draconian law as purported to be. Top NDA Coaching in India
Retention of Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA)
The relative peace prevailing in any area cannot be the only criterion for the removal of AFSPA. The following aspects also need to be factored in and a comprehensive assessment made before the dilution/removal of AFSPA:-
(a) Current Situation. While there may be a comparative decline in terrorist violence, a number of terrorists killed, and a reduction in the number of successful infiltration by terrorists, as long as there is no change in the ideology and the factors that aid and support proxy war the removal of enabling legislation like AFSPA may be counterproductive.
(b) The Emergence of Sanctuaries. Lifting of AFSPA from certain areas may result in terrorists seeking shelter in such areas and rebuilding their bases. Eviction of terrorists from such built-up areas sanitized after sacrifices by the army and police forces is likely to result in civilian causalities, damage to civilian property, and a renewed cycle of violence. Top NDA Coaching in India
(c) Military Installations and Lines of Communication. Army garrisons / strategic assets are spread over in population centers. Even in insurgency-prone areas, any action taken by the Army personnel in these areas without enabling legislation that does not confer immunity from arrest will further complicate the issue.
(d) Intelligence Bases. De-notification of AFSPA will render the painstakingly established sound intelligence bases untenable. Top NDA Coaching in India
(e) Legal Aspects. Any reaction to terrorist action in Non-AFSPA areas would draw the Army into protracted legal battles on every incident. Top NDA Coaching in India
(f) Restoration of AFSPA. Even if the situation worsens in areas where AFSPA has been revoked, it is unlikely that the political decision can be reversed easily to re-invoke the Act.
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